Tired of being exhausted: seven key actions for leaders in the NHS workforce crisis

The challenge for leaders and managers across health and social care is monumental. While most leaders are committed to the maxim that ‘our people are our most important asset’ and there are many good and outstanding examples of teams and organisations in health and social care where staff wellbeing is a priority, this is often not the experience of staff in practice.  

A new approach to leadership is needed based on the core value of compassion. Compassionate leadership is not a soft option, it requires huge courage, resilience and belief, and sustaining cultures of high-quality compassionate care requires compassionate leadership at every level – local, regional and national – and in interactions between all parts of the system – from local teams to national leaders. 

All leaders can practise compassionate and inclusive leadership, positively and overtly valuing equity, equality, diversity and inclusion both for their own sake and for the impact on care quality. Staff wellbeing must also be part of every leader’s training, ongoing development and objectives.  

All leaders should: 

• be familiar with the evidence showing that combining compassionate and inclusive leadership with diversity is associated with team and organisational effectiveness and innovation in health and social care (such as West and Markiewicz 2016; Downey et al 2014; Lyubovnikova and West 2013) and with the research evidence on the impact of racism and discrimination on health, life chances and mortality (such as Byrne et al 2020; Williams and Mohammed 2013) 
• actively offer to mentor and coach staff from systematically disadvantaged groups 
• regularly assess their own performance as inclusive leaders ensuring every person they lead feels included by their leadership   
• offer stretching project and career opportunities to staff from systematically disadvantaged groups, while offering sufficient support to enable them to succeed.   

Central to addressing the workforce crisis is a leadership focus on better meeting the core workplace needs of health and social care staff – their needs for autonomy and control, belonging, and contribution and effectiveness (the ABC of needs) (West et al 2020; West and Coia 2019).  

Inquiries into the mental health and wellbeing of doctors, nurses and midwives across the UK suggest there are eight key workplace factors that will have an impact on the wellbeing, flourishing and work engagement of health and social care staff, aligned across these three core needs (see Figure below).

Source: West et al 2020

Health and social care are provided by highly skilled and motivated people, yet still there are too many places where people describe how they are ‘managed’ through overly directive, command-and-control leadership. However, it is collective leadership, where emphasis and effort is placed on developing relationships and trust between people, that provides the optimum basis for compassionate cultures. Collective leadership also describes how the whole health and social care system and its communities can forge networks of organisations that work better together to deliver high-quality care. 

To encourage collective leadership, leaders can: 

• engage everyone on the team in how they contribute to shared responsibility for high-quality, continually improving and compassionate care, offering timely feedback where this is not evident to facilitate team development  
• continue to practise shared rather than dominating leadership in teams, inviting others to actively contribute to the daily leadership of the team  
• encourage interdependent leadership, with leaders developing relationships with others across boundaries and prioritising overall patient/service-user care rather than only their area of responsibility 
• genuinely involve patients, carers, communities and community groups in the design and ownership of health and social care services  
• ensure consistent approaches to leadership across organisations characterised by authenticity, openness, curiosity, kindness, appreciation, and, above all, compassion.  

More supportive and aligned national regulation and oversight is essential. The cultures of national bodies and the behaviours of those who work for them profoundly affect the cultures and workloads of health and care organisations. They too must embody institutional compassion, listening to those in the services they regulate and performance manage, seeking to understand the challenges they face, empathising with them (given all we say above, this is fundamental), and then seeking to help and support them. Supporting them means helping to remove obstacles to their work (such as excessive bureaucracy, data-reporting burden, excessive performance management) and helping to ensure they have the resources they need to do their jobs effectively (such as adequate numbers of staff, the right equipment, and appropriate training and development).

Leaders at every level in the health and social care system can collectively and courageously help by continuing to bring honest and unequivocal acknowledgement of the key elements of this crisis in order to help to address them: staff shortages, no national workforce plan (for the NHS in England), staff turnover, chronic excessive workload, and very high stress levels. The scale and complexity requires leaders, locally and nationally to work courageously with their peers in partner agencies to co-develop credible plans for workforce that directly answer the questions  ‘How many?’, ‘With what skills, values and behaviours?’ and ‘By when?’. Not just for now but for the next 10 to 20 years. This is particularly challenging in the absence of a funded national workforce plan, but developing and testing local workforce innovations will also be critical in helping address the workforce gaps to maintain service delivery.  

In turn, leaders need policy-makers to face up to the scale of the challenge they are dealing with. The Messenger review has a critical role to play here by squarely addressing the workforce crisis and focusing attention on the biggest challenge facing leadership in health and social care.    

At their best, health and social care organisations epitomise a commitment to compassion, belonging, inclusion, justice, equality, health, happiness and wellbeing. Their health is a mirror of the nation’s health. Well before the pandemic, the image projected was of a system under increasing pressure and selfless staff increasingly exhausted, unwell and distressed.  

The shared vision must be to create an outstanding health and care system that embodies the values we have as a society, focused on enabling the staff who provide care to thrive and deliver the care they are passionately committed to offering. That requires leaders at every level in our society to rise to the monumental challenge and pursue the people-focused, evidence-based strategy we outline here. It is the role of leaders not to manage the inevitable but to courageously face the most difficult challenges and bring their attention and resources to bear on overcoming them. Now is the moment.